Los plásticos son materiales orgánicos, compuestos fundamentalmente de carbono y otros elementos como el hidrógeno, el oxígeno, el nitrógeno o el azufre.
En la actualidad, la mayoría de los plásticos que se comercializan provienen de la destilación del petróleo. La industria de plásticos utiliza el 6% del petróleo que pasa por las refinerías.
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La mayoría de los materiales plásticos son transparentes, incoloros y frágiles. Pero si se les añade determinadas sustancias, sus propiedades cambian, y se les puede hacer ligeros, flexibles, coloreados, aislantes, etc.
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Clasificación de los plásticos
Los plásticos se clasifican en tres grupos, según la disposición de las macromoléculas que los constituyen. Son los termoplásticos, termoestables y elastómeros.
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| Los plásticos más utilizados pertenecen a este grupo. Sus macromoléculas están dispuestas libremente sin entrelazarse. 
| Sus macromoléculas se entrecruzan formando una red de malla cerrada.
| Sus macromoléculas se ordenan en forma de red de malla con pocos enlaces.
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| Gracias a esta disposición, se reblandecen con el calor adquiriendo la forma deseada, la cual se conserva al enfriarse. | Esta disposición no permite nuevos cambios de forma mediante calor o presión: solo se pueden deformar una vez. | Esta disposición permite obtener plásticos de gran elasticidad que recuperan su forma y dimensiones cuando deja de actuar sobre ellos una fuerza. |
C.tipos de termoplásticos, termoestables y elastómeros
| | TIPOS MÁS COMUNES | USOS |
TERMOPLÁSTICOS | POLIETILENOS | Bolsas, recipientes, contenedores... |
| POLIÉSTERES SATURADOS | Botellas para bebidas, envases alimenticios... | |
| POLIESTIRENOS | Protectores en embalajes, planchas aislantes... | |
| POLIVINILOS | Tuberías de agua y gas, aislantes eléctricos, impermeables, antiguos discos de música... | |
| POLIPROPILENOS | Cajas, estuches con tapa abatible, jeringuillas... | |
TERMOESTABLES | FENOLES | Aislantes eléctricos, interruptores, bases de enchufe... |
| AMINAS | Clavijas, interruptores, recubrimientos de tableros... | |
| RESINAS DE POLIÉSTER | Embarcaciones, piscinas, fibras y tejidos... | |
| RESINAS EPOXI | Material deportivo, alas de aviones, adhesivos... | |
ELASTÓMEROS | CAUCHOS | Neumáticos, mangueras, artículos de goma... |
| NEOPRENOS | Trajes de submarinismo, rodilleras, correas... | |
| POLIURETANOS | Gomaespuma, piel artificial, guardabarros... | |
| SILICONAS | Prótesis, sondas y tubos de uso médico, cierres herméticos... |
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